Check out:
Adult Sports Charlotte's basketball, hockey, soccer, volleyball and fitness sports facility (http://www.charlottesportscenter.com/adultsports.htm - broken link)
i9 Sports Home
Sports Connection
For bowling, most decent lanes will run leagues during the winter (Sept through May) and Summer (June through Aug). Just look up a bowling alley in your area... AMF normally runs decent centers (they have a good one in Matthews if that's close to you). On the north side of town, Northcross Lanes in Huntersville is pretty nice and has a bunch of leagues.